Phytoplankton and Zooplankton

Phytoplankton forms the basis for all marine organisms, their food chain, and food web, which makes them an important group of organisms to study. In large areas of the world’s oceans, a distinct annual pattern in the composition of the phytoplankton community can be...

Marine Ecotoxicology

Marine Ecotoxicology is the study of contaminants in the marine environment and their toxicity to the marine organisms. This study also covers the mechanisms of contaminant accumulation and its effects on the living organisms at all biological levels (from molecules ...

Marine Habitat Monitoring / Biotope Mapping

Biotope maps serve as important tools to visualize the seabed resources by showing the location of different biological communities and their boundaries. Habitat maps focus on the existing plants and animals as well as the nature of the benthic substrata such sand, r...