The KFUPM Undergraduate Research Journal (KFUPM-URJ) is a peer-reviewed, open-access journal showcasing research articles across various academic disciplines. KFUPM-URJ's mission is to foster, acknowledge, and encourage intellectual engagement beyond the confines of traditional classrooms, serving as a platform for the dissemination of research findings and innovative ideas. Operated entirely by a team of post-docs, graduate and undergraduate students from KFUPM, led by an Editor-in-Chief, our journal is committed to promoting scholarly discourse and academic excellence.